States of matter aggregation

The matter is present in the nature in three different States of matter aggregation: solid, liquid and gas. Solids have fixed shape and volume. Liquids have fixed volume, but its shape conforms to that of their container. Gases have no way or certain volume, adjusting in both cases their container. These two properties, shape and volume, which serve to distinguish the three states of aggregation, depend on the attractive forces between the constituent particles of matter and the relative ordering of said particles.

LAWS OF GASES

The volume, V, of any substance (solid, liquid or gaseous) is a function of the amount of substance that can be expressed in terms of number of moles, n, of the pressure, p, and temperature, T.

Boyle-Mariotte’s Law

“A constant temperature and a fixed mass of gas, the volume occupied is inversely proportional to the pressure.”

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It is better known by the expression:

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Where V is the volume occupied at pressure P, and the V´ the volume occupied at pressure P’.

Charles-Gay Lussac Law

“At constant pressure and for a fixed mass of gas, the volume occupied is directly proportional to the temperature”.

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“At constant volume and for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure is directly proportional to the temperature”.

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State Equation of ideal gases.

Boyle-Mariotte and Charles-Gay Lussac Laws can be combined into a single expression, thus obtaining a relationship between volume of a given mass of gas, pressure and temperature.

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Applying the Avogadro’s law:

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Dalton’s Law.

“The total pressure, p, exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of partial pressures, p_I, that each gas would exert if it were only component in the same container”.

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(p = total pressure of the mixture; p_i = partial pressure of each gas x_i = mole fraction of each gas).

Apparent molecular mass of a gas mixture, M:

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(M_i = molecular mass of each gas; n_i = number of moles of each gas; V_i = volume for each gas; V = volume of the mixture).

Kinetic energy of 1 mole of ideal gas:

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SPEED MOLECULES

Mean square velocity gas:

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Average speed of a gas:

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Most likely gas velocity:

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Relationship between the different speeds:

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BROADCAST IN GASES

Graham’s Law:

“The gases diffusion or effusion speed, v, are inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities or molecular weights”.

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REAL GASES

Van der Waals equation for 1 mole of gas:

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(a / V² = internal gas pressure; b = covolume).

Relationship between a, b and R and the constant criticism:

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GIBBS PHASES RULE:

F + L = C + 2

(F = number of phases; L = number of freedom degrees; C = number of components).

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